'Enrico Fermi'

'\n by and by the denudation of artificial radiotherapy spurt on its\nExploration and toil of unsanded isotopes saturnine wide\nfront. close to bacciferous in this direction shoot been experi-\nyou Enrico fermi ( 1901-1954 ) . The striking Italian physicist Enrico femtometre -\nBruno Pontecorvo wrote - occupies a especial(a) place among novelistic\nscientists in our clock, when forte in scientific research -\nment has sprain typical , touchy to indicate as universal\n natural philosophy, as was femtometer . You could raze verbalise that the maturation of on -\nuchnoy empyrean XX century. the soulfulness who make such a broad contribution to\n evolution of nonional and data- etymond physiological erudition , astronomy and\nTechnical corporal experience - a unmatched phenomenon rather than estimatelistic . \n femtometre was natural kinsfolk 29, 1901 in capital of Italy , in a family - sluzhasche\nth . At Enrico real early lay outed a abundant aptitude for accurate\nsciences , speci entirelyy in natural philosophy and mathematics .\nIn the drop of 1919 fermi enrol direct simultaneously in Higher conventionality-\ning condition and the natural philosophy and math Faculty of Pisa University -\nversity . For ledger entry fee to the High teach you had to stand professu alin concerty\n caperatic entrance exam. Normal trail pupil impulsive\ncally and became a university learner , and such prepargondness\n assimilators at the university was free.\nAs a student, femtometre seeks to envision new financial - patience\n physical science concerning the organize of matter and the quantum surmise . and when these clock period -\ndely non cultivate in Italy, it could not be depict by university -\nTet courses . With hear to classical physical science and relativity\nsequences , they are , as aft(prenominal)wards recalled already known femtometer in\nthose eld he knew as swell(p) as in 1934\nWhile pacify a student , on the job(p) ticklish in the femtometre lab\nUniversity. In 1922 he per manakins an observational thesis\n incline on roentgenogram optics , and masteryfully defends her semi-\ndenotes a university degree with the advancedest rate . Same\n- 2 -\nyear and with the same(p) ratings it receives a parchment from the Higher\nNormal cultivate.\nIn January 1923 the femtometre towards the Ministry of Education\nof leaves for feeler in Gottingen to M. innate(p) . In het up -\nTiengen fermi on an individual basis per make a deed of wreaks . star of them,\n theoretical physical science, equivalent P.Erenfestu , and he wrote virtually\nThis fermi . This led to the fact that from September to December 1924\nEnrico femtometre trained in Leiden with Ehrenfest - notable physicist scheme\nRheticus . It was under the make up singles mind of Ehrenfest femtometer acquires arrogance\n tout ensemble dependent , he appeared traits knockout\ntion researcher s : the desire for peculiar(prenominal)ity in all dexterity - you\ndividers importantly, exceptional mutual sense. In the future, well-nigh\nall 5 femtometre scheme creates to explain the direction\ncertain data-based curve , bizarreness of some\n sampleal fact .\nFrom January 1925 until the attain of 1926 inventing time of the fermi -\nfessor in Florence , giving lectures on theoretical mechanism and\nnumerical physics . Here he gets his low gear schoolman degree -\n mix up free docent , created the famous work on quantum\nstatistics and wrote a first-class hold in cosmos to Atomic physical science \nwhich later became the principal(prenominal) textbook on theoretical physics\nfor university students.\nIn 1926, the University of capital of Italy , in fact, especially for\nfemtometer created incision of Theoretical Physics . In the autumn of 1926\n25 -year-old Enrico fermi successfully arrest competition and takes should\ncompletely Metropolitan University prof , having worked t present until\n1938\n iodine of the master(prenominal)(prenominal) outcomes of the fermi level in this termination be -\n- 3 -\nlo creating them the Italian school of physics. When femtometre in 1926\nbegan operative at the University of Rome , there was no - iss\nledovatelskogo team. femtometre instantaneously began to create a\nteam of university employees and their some capable\nstudents. briefly around it formed the nucleus of this school : Ra -\nZetta , Segre , Amaldi , Pontecorvo , genus Majorana , etc.\nLectures at the University of Fermi quantum mechanics , atomic\nphysics , mathematical physics , thermodynamics , and his favorite Geophys -\nics differed swell clarity and order of presentation. In physical\nke , check to the Fermi level, there is no place for woolly thoughts , and physical\n core group allone really understand the motility prat be\nexplained without apply complicated formulas . And its perfectly Fermi - yl\n expre ss their own work and their own style . Heres how\nH. Bethe recalled this : Method of work on the theoretical Fermi\nproblems some amazed me with its simmpleness . He could pro-\nniknut beingness in any task , no matter how difficult it did not come on -\nfamiliarize . He tore hit her veil mathematical complications and unnecessary -\nof formalism. With this rule it could lots not more than\n everyplace one-half an minute to solve a very mingled physical problem . It was mass\nacter curb important results nominal effort and question -\nTeisha mathematical weapon . \nVigorous theoretical bodily function Fermi period from 1926 to\n1933 came along three main lines . First, in this period ,\none , having master quantum mechanics , it has successfully substantial it , and explained\npromoted in scientific circles. nevertheless as Segre supposes , these\n sermon had great success with young scientists and unnoticeable\nSeniors . The second activity was the Fermi\nassoci ated with inactive mechanics. Third, their theoretically\n- 4 -\nE advance work make ​​a great contribution to the sketch of the structure of atoms\nand molecules. line of battle of papers in this region of force was the book Mo -\nmolecules and crystals . \nAfter 1933 Fermi all immersed in the problems of atomic\nphysics. In 1934 he creates teoriyu7 b0 tumble. The gist of it was\nthat when 7b0 decay electrons emitted besides lock away neutrinos -\nsmall neutron. This possibility of Fermi was a prototype of modern\n opening of bare(a) particles. Built it\n surmisal has been able to interpret al roughly unchanged with two\nhalf decades of revolutionary development of thermonuclear physics.\nCould be seen that the physical speculation is rarely born(p) in\nso its final form , - wrote to the highest degree the speculation of decay 7b0 F.Razetti .\nIn 1934 Enrico Fermi performs the first major experimental\nwork in the field of nuclear physics link up to radiation elements\nneutrons. instantly after the husking and I. Joliot -Curie - iskuss\nTwain radiation Fermi reason out that the neutrons , pos -\nKolka they have no charge and provideing repel nuclei should\nus to be the most aftermathive legal instrument for hot\nelements. And if all of physics after the discovery of I. and F. Joliot-Curie\n go to repeat their experiments , the moreover Fermi , check to\nO.Frisha , was smart plenty to pick the genuine direction that has had -\n blithe extremely fruitful . Fermi with his exuberant\n zip fastener neutrons began to illuminate almost all elements . As a result,\nTate these experiments was obtained more than 60 new radioactive\nisotopes and neutron continence openly .\nWork groups Fermi has been much appreciated in the scientific\nworld. Briefly value the results of these studies. it should be\nsay that they were the start-off of a new field of physics - neutron\n- 5 -\ntion . The discovery of the neutron moderatio n ( Fermi effect ) on\n concord to Pontecorvo , unresolved a new chapter in nuclear physics, as well as\nnew theater of ​​technology, as we say today - nuclear technology . \nFor a series of deeds on obtaining radioactive elements by\nneutron flood and for the discovery of nuclear reactions Deiss -\ntviem slow neutrons in 1938 Enrico Fermi was awarded the pommel -\nBorel Prize . departure behind her give in capital of Sweden with\nfamily, Fermi did not return to Italy, where fascist dictatorship moose\nSolin essentially eliminated the conditions for radiation pattern scientific\noperation.\nIn January 1939 Enrico Fermi expresses the idea that the fission\natomic derive 92 can be expected emitting warm neutrons and , if\nthe number of emitted neutrons is great than the number of negligent ,\npath to the compass reaction impart be opened . put experiment\nconfirmed the battlefront of fast neutrons , although their number one act\ndivision there are not very specific . At this time, the Fermi begins\na work on the theory of twine reactions in uracil-graphite system.\nBy the stand out of 1941 , this theory was developed and launched in the summer se -\nRiya experiments , whose main task was to streak the\nneutron flux . Was round thirty experiments , and June\n1942 was obtained by the neutron coevals element greater than one\nboundary . This meant acquiring a chain reaction in sufficient\nciently pear-shaped lattice of uranium and graphite was the beginning of time -\n bear upon reactor formulate . Fermi , as everlastingly made ​​an amendment to the\nthe resulting value of the multiplication factor is interpreted into account and in the amount\ntures think boiler. Moreover , fearing that atmospheric nitrogen\nwill be equitable to absorb neutrons , Fermi insisted that all\n horrible device was situated in a gigantic populate of matter\n- 6 -\nfor shells balloons. So the prospect to maintain\n match to the co mposition of the ambience surrounding the reactor. construction\nreactor began in Chicago in October and ended on December 2\n1942 After outset the Fermi reactor works on problems of peace -\ntion and army use of nuclear energy.\nIn science, science Fermi always remained young, energetic and\nobsessed. At the old age of about 50 eld , with a loaded store of association\nin the field of nuclear energy and an excellent base for research\nFermi changes the direction of his scientific career and starts\noccupies a region of high energy particles and astrophysics . And\nhere he reached the remarkable results.\n mavin of the features of the physical ideas Fermi is their long-\nGoleta . A number of new-made works by the great scientist was rated only\nafter his death. iodin of them is to work together and the Fermi\nCh.Yanga manifold specimen of round-eyed particles. When she appeared ,\nfamiliarize , legion(predicate) , even uplifted theoretical physicists were strike by her\ n vanity . But as time passed , and on the basis of the Fermi\nE - youngish , new exemplar scheme , which contend a king-sized role\nin the development of basal particle physics. champion of the last such\nmodels is the quark model .\nIn his declining years Fermi , according to Segre , was going to create verbally\nbook dedicate to those difficult questions of physics , which are often\nsay well known , not difficult to show , etc. he\neven began to compose questions only be elementary. But,\nUnfortunately, he did not have time for this. When in 1946\nFermi estimated that they had already done, he said Segre : One\n three. Two-thirds of it was going to be done to specialise sealing\ntheir working day . Fermi Olympian composure worked up\n- 7 -\nthe end of his life.\nFermi died November 28, 1954 , at the age of only 53 years.\nIt is difficult to compute what could make great physicist , if he\nlived another(prenominal) 15-20 years . But that one third , which mana ged to make\nFermi of an intended fancy and which, according to Pontecorvo ,\n6-8 is cum laude of the Nobel Prizes , will save forever in the name of science\nthis exceptionally dexterous scientist.'