Miniature Camera on Soccer Shirt

Introduction The fact that modern technologies have made an enormous progress over the years should not be overlooked, and it is necessary to find new uses for some of the devices that have been developed. One of the most interesting devices that should be discussed is a miniature camera that has been used for many purposes and is commonly used in many areas.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Miniature Camera on Soccer Shirt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most significant benefits that must be mentioned is that it can be used to record both video and audio in progress, and it is completely wireless (Tatum and Harris par 3.). Also, it is paramount to note that many companies have tried to take advantage of this technology because it has enormous potential that still has not been realized. Discussion The idea that is suggested is to develop miniature cameras that would be attached o shirts of soccer players that would be used to record and stream video from the perspective of a particular individual. It is necessary to mention that similar approaches have been considered in the past by football associations, but opportunities that have been introduced with the development of virtual reality technologies still have not been fully explored. Also, it is imperative to have an understanding of the fact that video editors and directors will have to deal with numerous difficulties because the number of cameras increases significantly, and it is entirely possible that they will need a lot of time to get used to such technologies. Technology It is paramount to mention that soccer can be regarded as an appropriate choice in this case because it is relatively low-contact most of the time (Trenholm par. 5). However, numerous incidents in the past have led to many injuries and other problems. The issue that should not be overlooked is that it is necessary to make sure that the camera is we ll-protected because such devices are quite expensive, and any damage could lead to severe losses. Also, it is necessary to make sure that the camera does not affect the process of the game for players, and they do not have to be worried about its position and if the vision is blocked. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that it is stable to provide viewers with the best possible experience. It is understandable that some technical difficulties may occur, and it could lead to questionable decisions by referees. Also, it is necessary to make sure that the quality of video that is recorded is incredibly high because the demands of viewers are always increasing.Advertising Looking for term paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several aspects should be considered during the process of design, and their role should not be overlooked. A picture needs to have an outstanding resolution to be viewed on flat screens, and it is extremely likely that this aspect will require the most attention. The issue is that some of the motions and rapid movements may lead to confusion, and it is paramount to take all the necessary measures to make sure that the level of stability of is acceptable. Also, it is imperative to understand that this device would require testing, and it will have to pass through several phases to reduce the possibility of risks and complications. Many prototypes should be developed to analyze which one is the most efficient. A lot of attention should be devoted to cost of the miniature camera lens because it is one of the most important parts, and it is necessary to find the right balance between the quality and price (Bates 13). Another aspect that may be quite problematic is possible issues with the weather because they may affect the level of visibility in some cases, and it is imperative to make sure that miniature camera can provide high-quality videos under all conditions. Al so, it is necessary to understand that the device may be displaced or covered in dirt in some cases, and the overall goal is to minimize the need for interference because the sport is valued by viewers for its speed and action. The fact that the demand for VR videos is going to be incredibly high also needs to be considered. Many companies have focused on the development of 360-degree cameras that would relatively cheap and affordable (Phillips and Demuro par. 2). Also, another aspect that is worthy of a discussion is that audio should be regarded as a vital part of the overall experience, and it is necessary to take this factor into consideration because an ability to hear even the smallest details would be valued by viewers (Rappaport par. 6). However, the issue is how appropriate the use of such devices would be during a soccer match, but it can be said that this approach has potential. Such camera should be able to record videos at the rate of sixty frames per second for an opti mal experience for viewers, and this is an aspect that should not be disregarded during the process of design (Mejia par. 2). It is understandable that the quality of such videos is not going to be the best possible at the start because high-end video cameras are currently used to direct such movies. However, it is likely that the situation is going to improve in the future with the introduction of new technologies and techniques. Overall, the focus should be on the minimization of possible expenses. TV companies and football associations are willing to support the development of such technologies, but it is important to understand that this product may have to deal with numerous competitors.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Miniature Camera on Soccer Shirt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits It is imperative to mention that such product would have a broad range of advantages that need to be discussed. New devices such as Samsung’s Gear View that have been recently introduced can be used to view matches from different parts of a stadium, and one could get a feeling of being present at an event (â€Å"A Totally New Way to Look at Sports† par. 5). An ability to see all the action from the perspective of a particular player would be highly valuable, and it is expected that such videos would be incredibly profitable. Many viewers would like an ability to replay some of the moments, and virtual reality will help to enhance the experience because actions of others players can also be viewed. It is paramount to mention that such approach has been well-received, and it is evident that collaboration with companies that produce VR devices can be quite beneficial in this case. Also, it is necessary to understand that an ability to review such replays would be valuable because it would help with the development of new strategies and tactics because it is much easier to identify possible mistakes and understand how they could have been avoided. Another aspect that should not be disregarded is that a broad range of other similar products may be considered if this one is successful. Also, another factor that should not be overlooked is that it would increase an ability of rival teams to analyze the play style of a particular player, and the amount of other data that can be collected with a use of such technologies is enormous. Also, it is necessary to mention that such cameras would help to improve decision-making of referees significantly. The issue is that it is nearly impossible to make an appropriate decision in some cases because the view may be obstructed in some situations. However, this device would help to address some of the issues that are currently present. For instance, diving is regarded as especially problematic, and it may not be clear if the player does it intentionally or not if only a single replay is viewed. The problem that needs to be a ddressed is that it is a practice that is tolerated most of the time because it requires enormous skill and players that have been caught trying to cheat have to deal with severe consequences. However, it may affect the image and reputation of the sport, and necessary measures are not taken to prevent possible errors (Torres par. 4).Advertising Looking for term paper on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ability to view it from the perspective of a particular individual would be highly valuable. On the other hand, many referees think that it would affect the game, and review of such replays would take too much time and will be incredibly distracting in most cases. It is understandable that the game has been popular for many years, and such dramatic changes may not be appreciated by some of the fans. It may be necessary to establish a group of referees that would review replays of questionable moments to identify if rules were broken or not. Conclusion In conclusion, it is hard to argue with the fact that this product has enormous potential, and football associations and viewers would be extremely interested in it. It is understandable that this approach is not new, and has been used in some other sports. However, the development of new technologies leads to numerous new opportunities that have not been discovered in the past. One of the most significant problems that should not be disregarded is that several challenges for the implementation of such miniature cameras are currently present. For instance, many football associations prefer approaches that are more traditional. Also, the process would require significant amounts of resources and time. However, this technique can be tested to evaluate if it is efficient and expenses are justified. It is necessary to keep track of latest trends in the industry to identify any improvements that can be made to the product, and gain a significant competitive advantage. Moreover, it is paramount to understand that the support from soccer associations is of utmost importance. Overall, it is evident that there is a need for new technologies that would help to improve the decision-making process of referees because some of the decisions that are made are incredibly controversial, and such cameras can be used to keep track of all the events that happen in the soccer field. Works Cited â€Å"A Totally New Way to Look at Sports with Samsung Gear VR.† Samsung Newsroom. Samsung, 9 November 2015. Web. https://news.samsung.com/global/a-totally-new-way-to-look-at-sports-with-samsung-gear-vr. Bates, Rob. â€Å"The Modern Miniature Camera Objective: an Evolutionary Design Path from the Landscape Lens.† Advanced Optical Technologies 2.1 (2013). Print. Mejia, Ozzie. â€Å"Zero Point† Director Explains Filmmaking with Oculus Rift†.† Shacknews. Shacknews, 31 March 2014. Web. http://www.shacknews.com/article/83809/zero-point-director-explains-filmmaking-with-oculus-rift. Phillips, Chadwick, and Rich Demuro. â€Å"Affordable 360 Degree Camera Lets Anyone Create Virtual Reality Videos.† KTLA. KTLA, 14 October 2015. Web. http://ktla.com/2015/10/14/a-new-360-degree-camera-lets-you-create-virtual-reality-video/. Rappaport, Max. â€Å"How Virtual Reality Will Change How We Watch Live Sports.† Complex. Complex, 28 December 2015. Web. http://www.complex.com/sports/2015/12/ how-virtual-reality-will-change-how-we-watch-live-sports. Tatum, Malcolm, and Bronwyn Harris. â€Å"What Is a Spy Camera?† WiseGeek. WiseGeek, 24 December 2015. Web. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-spy-camera.htm. Torres, Cesar T. â€Å"On Diving: Soccer’s Integrity is at Stake.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 September 2009. Web. http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/17/on-diving-soccers-integrity-is-at-stake/?_r=0. Trenholm, Richard. â€Å"Cameras in Players’ Shirts Put You in the Heart of Sporting Action.† Cnet. Cnet, 7 March 2015. Web. http://www.cnet.com/au/news/cameras-in-players-shirts-put-you-in-the-heart-of-sporting-action/. This term paper on Miniature Camera on Soccer Shirt was written and submitted by user Conor Richmond to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Faget Essays - Faget, Fucking, Austria, Free Essays, Term Papers

Faget Essays - Faget, Fucking, Austria, Free Essays, Term Papers Faget Im just a pretty boy, whatever you call it You wouldnt know a man if you saw it It keeps going on Day after day son, so you FAKE and we dont want none Im sick and tired of people teating me this way everyday, who gives a *censored* right now I got something to say to all the people that thing Im STRANGE, that I sould be outta here locked up in a CAGE Well you can suck my *censored* and Fucking Like it! -J. Davis

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 46

Assignment Example 30). Many advantages accrue from accessing data and all the information from the cloud. Such advantages are reduced hardware and software requirements for the users. With a user interface software in place on the users’ computer, they can fully access all the requirements from the cloud. Most information and technology experts agree that, there lacks a single comprehensive definition to what cloud computing is. Each definition offered for the cloud compound may be right but does not fully exhaust the integral components that make up cloud computing. As far as the definition of cloud computing may be right, they may leave out important aspects that characterize cloud computing (Armbrust et al. 20). Due to lack of well-defined standards for connecting computer systems (hardware and software) needed to make a working cloud computing, many companies offering the services define it in their way. Despite the varying interpretation of cloud computing, they all have the following basi c components (Friedman 45-50); Cloud computing is always off-premise. The services are hosted away from the clients’ premises of the service provider’s location. The services are delivered over the public internet with all processing taking place outside the company network (this includes physical and securities barriers). Cloud computing is characterized by elasticity dictated by the service provider. It defines the extent to which resources can be scaled up or down rapidly depending on the end-users requirements for a given organization. Flexible billing plans characterize cloud computing of any platform. The billing of services rendered to the client for cloud computing is based on a variety of factors such as on-demand services and other forms of charging customers. Billing customers may take the form of subscription or consumption

Jury Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jury - Research Paper Example Justification of the reforms to a state legislature There have been various reforms initiated with the objective of promoting racial diversity in the composition of juries, so that effective decisions and proper, unbiased judgments can be made in the courtroom. However, the construction of the jurisdiction is also not without the criticism of racial diversity. In the American society, the minority class people are often allegedly ascertained to be treated in a bias manner, which further restrict justice on the basis of their rights and privileges as a US citizen. In this respect, the alleged discrimination amid minority and majority people has raised various ethical issues which include assaults and movements against the State (Minow, 1992). There are instances where the representatives of the juries have been witnessed to evolve their judgment with elusive goals. This raises significant concern with regard to the rationality of the judgment offered in the courtroom, where jurors bel onging to the same race as that of the defendant have been alleged to act with sympathy; while on the other hand, jurors belonging to other races tend to implement harsh treatments for punishing the convicts. Hence, it can be argued that the failures of appropriate jurisdiction processes are caused mainly due to lack of diversity in the configuration of jurors. Thus, maintaining a higher degree of racial diversity amid juries is most likely to contribute towards making effective and racially unbiased judgment in the courtroom. Subsequently, with the involvement of minorities and women as jurors, the judgment process may also obtain an enhanced efficiency in dealing with equality of rights and mitigating biasness to a substantial extent (SAGE Publications, 2013). An opponent’s response to the reform There is need for racial diversity in the jury system so that effective decisions can be made with equality and in an unbiased manner. However, from an opponent’s point of v iew, with majorities and minorities, as representatives of the jury, the defendants must not to be offered with the opportunity of selecting as well as composing juries in accordance with their races and communal backgrounds. As in the case of Swain v. Alabama - 380 U.S. 202 (1965) (Justia, 1965) and Batson v. Kentucky (No. 84-6263) (LII, 1985), the judiciary composed in the trials of these cases included majority of jurors belonging from the petitioners respective racial backgrounds and communities, which led to biasness in the process decision making. The defendants, with this facility of composing juries on the basis of their choices, will certainly lead to inappropriate legal decisions and procedures. In this concern, the provisions stipulated by the Supreme Court of the US should firmly prohibit defendants from allocating rights of selecting jury members for the execution of judgment with equality and appropriateness. Furthermore, it stresses that the juries should be selected on the basis of merit system amid majority and minority group of individuals, so that the decisions or judgment are

A Comparison between the Hindu Gods of Good and Evil Essay Example for Free

A Comparison between the Hindu Gods of Good and Evil Essay In Hinduism, the primary goal of an individual is to achieve the so-called Nirvana or â€Å"becoming one with God. † Nirvana connotes the transcendence of the human spirit to the Oneness of the Divine Spirit (Hemenway, 2003). Hence, many Hindus practice a variety of evolved rituals and esoteric practices to enable their spirit to adapt to the divine essence. The hope of spiritual transcendence given by Nirvana became the basis for creation or conceptualization of many gods in the Hindu religion. These gods are basically derivatives of the â€Å"One God†; the â€Å"One God’ being represented in all aspects of nature (Hemenway, 2003). Thus, in order to simulate the specific characteristics of this God, Hindus focus on worshipping all the representations of this God. In general, the Hindu religion speaks of about 300 major and lesser gods. The primary three gods are known as the Holy Trinity. Brahma is the creator; Vishnu is the preserver (pattern-maker); and Shiva, the destroyer. The three are inseparable from each other. In order for creation to proceed, there must be a period of destruction. In order for destruction to occur, a period of preservation must happen (prior). Thus, the existence of the three gods presents a vivid description of the Hindu’s belief on the existence of man. If man is to be born, he must be preserved from the impediments of bad life and evil, and he must face the reality of death. To be born is to be created; to be preserved is to be rectified from the evils of daily living; to die is to acknowledge the origin of the human spirit. Only in this way that the human spirit would be able to achieve Nirvana (transcendence of the human spirit to the divine essence). Thus, Hindus hold on the assumption that once man is born (and reborn) in this world, there are powers who would guide and misguide him to attain Nirvana. The guiding powers are essentially the gods of good. The powers misguiding man to his true purpose are the gods of evil. This is though unlike the Christian conception of good and evil. Evil here is not seen as non-functional. Rather it serves as a manifest of test during the preservation period of man’s being; that is, the necessity to achieve Nirvana. Good here is seen something as an end; that is, the representation of Nirvana on earth. We can therefore assume that the conception of good and evil is a rectification of ideological misconceptions in the Hindu religion. The first clarification is concerning the source of good and evil. It is quite clear in Hindu religion that both good and evil gods came from the same source. Evil is the perversion of good. In order for evil to exist, good must first come into existence. The second clarification states â€Å"good gods are often transformed into evil gods as they experience strange circumstances. † The conception connotes the existence of One Divine Essence represented as both good and evil in nature. Evil is not a natural phenomenon, it springs from the Divine Essence serving as a test to humanity. Thus, when we compare Hindu gods of good and evil, take note that we are essentially talking of functional difference. This functional difference is manifested in the perceived roles of the gods in nature. The Hindu gods of good are represented in things â€Å"perceived† by the Hindus as rudiments of a â€Å"good life. † For example, Ganesha is often described as a god of good because he bestows good fortune to those seeking his favor. Specifically, he is considered the source of prosperity and wealth for Hindus. Some call Ganesha the Lord of Good Fortune and the Destroyer of Obstacles. Often, Hindus attribute their economic and social well-being to the hands of Ganesha. Added to that, because man is located in a physical world full of dangers and obstacles, he continuously provide his divine guidance to man. Hence, he is sometimes called the god of wisdom and intellect in Hinduism. Ganesha is seen as a good god who bestows his wisdom and divine intellect to man in order for him (man) to attain Nirvana. Frankly speaking, he is seen by many Hindus as the source of hope and aspiration. Besides Ganesha, there are three other gods considered to be good by many Hindus. Durga is a goddess representing the power of the Supreme Being who maintains moral order (Hindu Gods, 2005). In Sanskrit, her name means a â€Å"fort or a place that is protected. † Thus, Durga is known as the Divine Mother. In her arms, she protects the human race from evil by destroying the sources of evil. Like Ganesha, Lakshmi is considered a goddess of good-living and prosperity. In Sanskrit, her name literally means â€Å"goal† (Hindu Gods, 2005). Thus, she signifies the goals of life. These goals of life can be achieved either in the physical or spiritual realm. Most Hindus pray to her for guidance. Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge, and wisdom. She is often associated with Brahma, the creator of the universe. In Sanskrit, her name means â€Å"the essence of the self† (Hindu Gods, 2005). Hinduism puts knowledge on a higher pedestal, being the prerequisite for creation. To the Hindu worshipper, Saraswati provides guidance to humanity in accomplishing their daily tasks. Hindus believe that Saraswati, during the early part of creation, provided man with practical knowledge. This practical knowledge allowed man to create civilizations, far greater than any in the animal kingdom. In Hinduism, there are gods considered to be the source of evil in this world. In Pauranic traditions, Asuras and Devas are the step sons of Kasyapa, an unknown god considered to be the primordial source of evil. They are considered to be demon gods projected as enemies of humanity. The Asuras (this is a group of demon gods) became too proud of their ancestry and power. Thus, the Devas became enraged over the war mongering of the Asuras and decided to punish them. The punishment though was self-serving. The Devas thought by forcing the Asuras to serve them, they would be able to project themselves as rulers of the physical world. This view of the Asuras and Devas was expanded in Iranian mythology. Iranian mythology presented Asur Mazda as the embodiment of good in this world and Devas as the villain. It should be noted though that in Hindu mythology, both the Asuras and the Devas are perceived as demon gods; that is, gods that would take all hope from humanity in the attainment of the Nirvana. The term Asuras, unlike the terminological evolution in Iranian mythology, came to signify in later times (in Hinduism) as the representation of evil; demon itself. In Hinduism, there are gods considered evil precisely because they are perceived to be enemies of the â€Å"good gods† and humanity in general. Vritra, for example, is a serpent god often called as the â€Å"enemy of the gods† (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). His favorite animal, the serpent, carries the scent of death to those who would call his name. Yama is a Hindu god considered to be the lord of death. His two dogs drag humanity into the fervor of spiritual death; the essence of which is the loss of spiritual transcendence to the Divine Essence. The same is true for Ravana, the Demon King (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). He is seen as the incarnation of evil in this world. At times, he would lure humans into his trap, forcing them to pledge loyalty to his evil will. There are also evil creatures considered to be the direct descendants of the evil gods. Kasyapa, the primordial source of evil (and the father of both the Asuras and the Devas) gave birth to the Daityas. These are unpleasant demons who roamed the physical world to destroy man’s sacrifices to the good gods. The good gods are therefore their natural enemies. Kasyapa also gave birth to the Danavas (The Complete Book of Devils and Demons, 2005). These are creatures often disguised as man to motivate man to rebel against the good gods. These creatures (who at times became demon gods) possessed powers of persuasion and bad luck. They often seduce man to covet the properties of the gods and to stop offering sacrifices. Added to that, they also offer their services to the primary â€Å"evil gods† in their fight against the good gods. The good gods are sometimes forced to seek refuge to other places in order to avoid the rage of these demonic creatures. In the end, however, the good gods succeed in defeating these evil creatures (in alliance with the evil gods). There are also other â€Å"entities† described as evil in the Hindu religion. The Darbas are destructive that â€Å"tears† human flesh (hence the name, â€Å"tearers†). The Rakshasas are goblins and ghouls which descended from the foot of Brahma. They can be titans or as little as a cat that haunt cemeteries and other religious places. They disturb sacrifices, animate the dead, eat people, and spread disease and disorder. These creatures often serve the evil gods in their fight against the good gods. In sum, evil goods in the Hindu religion are either the enemies of the gods and humanity or those which prevent humanity from attaining Nirvana. These gods descended from the three primary gods (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva). At times, they trace their ancestry to good gods. This explains the proposition stated earlier that the â€Å"good is the prerequisite of evil. Added to that, some evil Hindu gods (like the Asuras and the Devas) in Hinduism present their identity as the result of perversion on the part of the good gods. Take note that the â€Å"good gods† are not by nature good. Like in Greek mythology, Hindu gods are often involved in intrigues that affect their functions as gods. At times, even the good gods struggle against each other for supremacy. Only when the threat of evil becomes preeminent, the good Hindu gods join forces to defeat the evil gods. Most of the time, they achieve success. At some time, they flee from the hordes of the evil gods. We come now to the discussion of the primary differences of Hindu gods of good and evil. As stated earlier, the main difference between these gods can be derived from the concept of functionality. Hindu gods of good are represented as the â€Å"good rudiments† of nature (and man’s guidance in attaining Nirvana). Hindu gods of evil are essentially the symbols of a corrupt humanity. This corruption is the ultimate obstacle (and often irreversible) of man in attaining Nirvana. There are though specific differences between these sets of deities. Here are as follows: ) Culturally speaking, the Hindu gods of good are often associated with the mystical founders of Hindu civilization (Hemenway, 2003). For example, in the Vedic manuscripts the ancient founders of the Indus civilization are often given divine attributes. These gods are the progenitors of practical and divine knowledge to the people. The evil gods are often associated with the invaders; that is, the barbarians who destroyed the Indus civilization and established the caste system (note that the caste system is functional in the eyes of a Hindu – this connotes that evil itself is functional in some ways); ) The good gods are often represented as the symbols of perpetuity and healthy living (Hemenway, 2003). Animals such as the elephant, cow, and rat are associated with the good gods because of their dual symbol of power and humility: the very virtues that humanity adheres to. The evil gods are represented by serpent, monkey (symbol of arrogance and maliciousness), and in some cases the vulture: symbols of decay and corruption of the human spirit. Take note however that these creatures are respected in the Hindu religion because evil is seen as a manifest test of humanity in achieving Nirvana; ) Lastly, the good gods are usually are represented as bringers of justice and love to humanity. The eight arms of Ganesha symbolize love for humanity. The swords loaded to arms of Ganesha symbolize justice and his will to protect humanity from evil powers. The evil gods carry weapons that aim to destroy and misguide humanity. We must though take note that there is no sharp demarcation between good and evil (Abhedananda and Math, 2007). In Vedanta philosophy, there is no such thing as a natural good. Any action can be viewed as either good or bad depending on the one who views it. Thus, it can be said that â€Å"every action, whether backed by good or bad motives, is covered with its opposite, as fire is enveloped with smoke† (Abhedananda and Math, 2007). Thus to assume that the good gods in the Hindu religion are naturally good is a misconception. It is often noted some â€Å"good gods† gave birth to evil ones. This instance indicate that evil is the offspring of good.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Computer Mouse

Life Cycle Assessment of a Computer Mouse TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT This project Life Cycle assessment aims at learning about how to conduct a life cycle assessment of a given product ( in this project computer mouse is the product) using Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES) software. In this document History of the mouse as of when it was invented and what are the developments that took place in years, composition of mouse, raw materials used in the mouse, the manufacturing process and the by products and waste during the manufacturing and extraction of the computer mouse will be discussed. Later on with the help of Cambridge Engineering selector we use the application of Eco audit tool and provide it necessary input into it to achieve the necessary output. The output is the outcome or the result of the project. In addition to that each and every component of the computer mouse will be discussed in detail and the environmental hazards related to the production of each of them will be discussed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep appreciation to my supervisor Mr. N.HART, for his guidance, review, suggestions, kindness, valuable time, criticisms and comments throughout my M.sc Project. I am most grateful and thankful to university technical staff Michael Britton for his encouragement from the very beginning of the study and guiding me throughout my M.sc course. I remain indebted and my love goes to my family for helping me accomplish this thesis. My parents have been a constant source of support-emotional, moral and financial during my post graduate years and this thesis would certainly not have existed without them. 1. INTRODUCTION History of computer mouse: Dr. Douglas Engelbart has invented the first device that came out as mouse in the year 1964. During this time the only way the cursor scrolling position in the computer screen was by using the arrow keys on the keyboard and it was really inefficient and awkward to use. It incorporates mechanism which is in the form of small brick with one button on top and underneath two wheels and was made by Douglas. The purpose of these wheels is to detect horizontal and vertical movement and on the whole the unit was little bit difficult to use. For viewing the cursor on the monitor The connection to the computer was established by means of a cable so that the motion signals could be sent out electrically. A long cable tail featured like device like a mouse so the name â€Å"mouse† came into picture.NASA team tried different methods which enables the cursor to move on the computer screen like the devices Light pens, knee switches and steering wheels, albeit, in testing of these devices Eng el arts mouse gained popularity. Engineers thought that the mouse was ideal for drafting and illustration purposes And could build up computer aided designs on the same desk. Slowly mouse began to be called as input/output device. To make the scrolling easier the mouse began to multiply rapidly. The wire coming out from the mouse reminded a tail which is one end and the other end is used for connecting to the central processing unit. 2. BODY AND COMPOSITION OF THE MOUSE: Body of the mouse: The outer surface of the mouse is Hard plastic body which the user guides across a flat surface The tail of a mouse is an electrical cable that leads out from one end and finishes at the connection at the Central Processing Unit It posses one to three buttons at the extremity which are external contacts to tiny electrical switches With a click on the button the electrical circuit is forced to close and the computer receives a command Below the mouse theres an plastic hatch that fits over a rubberized ball which exposes a small part of the ball A support wheel and two shafts hold the ball in place inside the Mouse Rotation of the spokes causes IR light signals from light emitting diode to flick through the spoke which are then captured by a light detector Phototransistors help to translate these light signals into electrical pulses which reach the integrated circuit interface in the mouse These pulses then confirms the IC whether the ball has followed an up down or left right movement The IC commands the cursor to scroll on to the screen consequently. The interface IC is then ascended onto a printed circuit board. This forms the skeleton to which each and every Internal mechanism in the mouse are joined The information from the signals and switches coming out from the phototransistors is collected by a computer chip or IC These are then sent to the computer by means of a data stream The Brain of the Mouse: Every mouse design consists of an individual software known as driver These driver are The external brain which enables the PC to comprehend the mouse signals. The driver commands the PC how to understand the mouses IC data stream including speed, direction, and clicked commands The mouses IC data stream which includes clicked commands, direction and speed. Few mouse drivers permit the user to specify performance to the buttons and vary the mouses resolution ( distance relative to cursor and mouse travel). The Mouse which are purchased as a part of computer packages have built in drivers or is programmed initially in the computers RAW MATERIALS IN THE MOUSE The outer shell of the mouse and the majority of its internal parts, which includes spoked wheels and shafts are usually made up of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic which is usually injection moulded. The ball is basically made of metal which is rubber coated and is usually supplied by a speciality supplier The electrical micro switches which is produced from metal and plastic are of shelf items which are supplied by subcontractors even though the designers of the mouse can specify force requirements for switches to make it easier of harder to click. The chips or IC could be standard items even though individual manufacturer might have proprietary chips which can be utilised in its complete products line. The outside source also supplies electrical cables and over moulds To suit the design of mouse the printed circuit board (PCB) over Which the mechanical and electrical components are accumulated is tradition made Oscillators, integrated circuits, capacitors, electrical resistors and various other components are made of different types of plastic, metal and silicon The raw materials which are used in manufacturing of a computer mouse are as follows: Mouse Design: The basic design of a computer mouse was conceived and prototyped in early 1960s and steriolithography concept is employed efficiently within the concurrent engineering. The concurrent engineering development takes place in two design teams , the electrical team emphasizing on control circuitry and the mechanical team working on casing layout and button geometry. For operating the mouse, the users posture, finger extension needed to reach the buttons, use by both right and left handed individuals, no prolonged static electricity and lastly the requirements safety and comfort They alter widely depending on whether the use of mouse is in home or office computers The brief design of mouse for the proposed mouse is written to explain Which the mechanical and electrical components are accumulated is tradition made an appearance is also proposed in staying along with the probable market. The design team comes back to the table along with foam models; for a single mouse design scores of var ious shapes are made and the user testing on the models are performed whereas the preliminary tests are performed by engineers or the focus may be turned onto groups as typical users or observes one to one testing with user samples. When a suitable selection is chosen, wooden models which are more refined and painted are produced from the winning design. The input of the model is acquired based on the feel, shape and looks and then ergonomist reviews the probable designs and confirms the goal of human factors guidelines to be achieved. After an optimal design is chosen the engineering team starts modelling the internal components. A 3D performance is generated by the computer and same information is used to machine-cut the postures of the exterior shell with every details. Inside the structure the mechanical and electronic engineers fit the printed circuit board and the encoder mechanism. The phenomena of fitting the workings on to the shell are iterative, the changes are then made and then the design and fit process are conducted so long as the mouse achieves the design objectives and the design team is happy. The custom chips are then designed and produced on a trial basis and then tested; for the design to meet the performance objectives and provide it unique, competitive and marketable characteristics the help of custom electronics is required. The fully completed design figures are handed over to the project tooled who then starts the process of modifying machines to manufacture the mouse. To generate the injection moulding of the shell tooling diagrams are made into use. The factors like shape and size, volume of the cavity, the number of gates through which the plastic will be injected into the mould, and the plastic flow in the mould are all diagrammed and studied after analyzing the final plans of tooling the tools are fabricated using computer aided data. Prototype plastic shells are made as try shots to find out the actual flow lines and to make sure that voids are not included. the process is precise. Texture is applied to the external outlook of the shell by sand blasting or by acid etching. The Manufacturing Process: To manufacture a computer mouse several processes are used to make different pieces of the unit. The processes that are used in manufacturing are as follows. First the Printed Circuit board (PCB) is prepared in the journey of manufacturing and assembling steps. This board is a flat, resin coated sheet that can be of surface-mount design or through hole design. The assembly of surface mount version is entirely done by the machine. The other electrical components are placed on to the board in prescribed pattern by a computer controlled automatic sequencer. The connecting wires of the electronic components are induced in the holes of the PCB assembly. Then all the components are placed on the board, the bottom surface is passed through molten lead solder in a soldering machine. This machine removes contaminants by passing the board with flux. The board is gently heated by the machine and the component it induces with infrared heat is to lessen the possibility of thermal shock. The solder raises each line by hair-like activity, seals the perforations and repairs the components in the correct placeAfter this process is done the PCB is cooled a nd is visually inspected before the mechanism is attached. A separate unit is assembled for the encoder mechanism. Injection moulding process is used to manufacture the plastic parts (computer mouse case housing) with proper specifications and the left over scrap plastic material is trimmed off. The whole unit is fastened to the PC Board using screws keeping in view after the encoder mechanism is completely assembled. With set of wires, rubber and shielding cover the mouses tail and its electrical cable attached are manufactured. Overmolds are the additional pieces of the cable to obstruct the cable from separating away from the mouse. We can make our own shapes of design for overmolds, the near mouse overmold is hooked to the At the other end of the tail the connector is then soldered to the wires and the connector over mold is exploded into place. The outer shell pieces are then examined visually after moulding, Trimming and surface finish treatment and before the assembly. The external housing is assembled in four steps. To the bottom of the shell the completed PCB and encoder assembly are inserted. Onto the housing top part, the cable is joined; the bottom and top are joined together using automated screwdrivers. The last electronics and the achievement quality inspection are accomplished, if assembly is complete in the substantial one. Rubber or neoprene feet with the adhesive covering in front-turned at a side is added the lower surface of the mouse. A programming team has been developing; testing, reproducing the mouse driver firm ware, while the tooling designs and physical assembly are in progress. As above said â€Å"firmware† is the combination of software and hardware codes which has the unity of integrated circuit, translated mouse directional movements and micro switch signals which are understood when the mouse is attached. By-products and waste: Computer mice makers do not generate by-products from the manufacturers of mouse, albeit most of them suggest a variety of alike devices for altered applications. In order to avoid the design, tooling, assembly modification costs the new and multiple designs are in corporate when possible. Waste is minimal. The mouses ABS plastic skin is highly recyclable and can be ground, moulded, and reground many times. Small quantities can be recycled using metal scrap and other plastics. 3. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: LCA is a holistic tool used to identify the environmental consequences of a product, process or activity through its entire life cycle and to identify opportunities for achieving environmental improvements. Life cycle stages include: Raw materials acquisition, Manufacturing, Use/reuse. Maintenance. And recycling/waste management. For epitome, in the case of computer mouse an LCA involves making detailed measurements during the manufacture of the device. In the design stage of new products LCA information is very useful LCA gives the whole assessment of the point of origin to the end of a product or process, i.e from processing of natural resources to shipping, mining, and also how the material be recycled or reused and till it is disposed permanently. As a system, LCA identifies the whole process and possible environmental effects throughout a products life cycle. The term life cycle refers to the holistic assessment which assess all the operations in the supply chain ,i.e raw material production , production, fabricating, distribution, modes of transport, end product, use and disposal of all the materials or products involved . .LCA method is one of the executive methods for evaluating the environment. It identifies that each and every product has certain influence on the environment during its life cycle, where each product is standardized and is temporarily assigned an environmental annex. For in this regard life cycle assessment is a central tool. The LCA method can be classified into three steps :- Inventory analysis Goal and scope definition Impact assessment The technique which allows the comparison of the environmental impacts of materials and products is Life Cycle Assessment. This assessment allows us to modify the quantitative data and to identify the potential environmental impacts of the material or product on the environment. LCA is common for assessments to be made of more limited periods eg. Cradle-to-gate and cover the entire life cycle life cycle of a material. The entire analysis is referred to as cradle-to-cradle which refers to production from extraction of raw materials, production and delivery and is often broken down into phases of lesser ambition. Goal and scope definition :- Scoping is the most critical component of LCA because it provides a frame of reference for the entire study and helps define interrelationships among the other three LCA components; inventory analysis, impact assessment, and improvement assessment. The goal definition identifies the overall purpose for the LCA and its intended applications. Goal definition and scoping initiates the LCA and then drives the scope, boundary settings, data categories and data needs. This process is continuously revisited during an LCA. Scoping defines the boundaries, assumptions and limitations and should be done before an LCA is conducted to ensure that the breadth and depth of analysis are consistent with the defined goal of the LCA. Inventory Analysis: It is the well-developed component of LCA. A completed inventory analysis provides an overview of the life-cycle inputs and outputs associated with a particular system. The results of an inventory analysis may be used to identify areas to achieve improvement, as baseline information for conducting an impact assessment or some combination of the two. This analysis gives the boundaries of the system to be studied and develop a data questionnaire to collect the appropriate data. Develops, stand alone subsystem data and conducts a peer review to validate the results. This analysis may be used to identify areas to achieve improvement as baseline information for conducting an impact assessment. Impact Assessment: In this phase of LCA, the inputs and outputs of the system identified in the inventory analysis are translated into quantitative and or qualitative descriptions of environmental impacts by using models. A very few LCAs have attempted to include impacts because of the inherent complexities and data requirements of impact assessment. We do impact assessment because it provides the LCA user information that is more useful for decision making. Some of the LCA impact categories: Impacts of land use Climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Human toxicity Ecotoxicity Photo-oxidant formation Impacts of ionizing radiation Acidification Eutrophication Depletion of abiotic resources Depletion of biotic resources Improvement Assessment: It is the least developed component of LCA. The main purpose of improvement assessment is to identify and evaluate specific actions that target priority impacts within the life-cycle frame work. Identification and estimation of opportunities to achieve improvements in processes that result in reduced environmental impacts, is based on the results of an inventory study or impact assessment. LCA may be utilised for several purposes To develop the environmental aspects of a product and to find out the frail systems in the product chain. For product improvement for environmentally enhanced products. For making executive decisions in governmental organisations. Helps to select and compare among the available products. For mixture of relevant indicator of environmental presentation. 4. ECO AUDIT TOOL Eco audit tool enables the product designers to quickly evaluate the environmental impact of a product, and it helps to reduce the environmental measures. By making use of CES software, this can be achieved by focussing on two environmental stressors To minimize the environmental footprint of a product, identification of the dominant phase is very important and it enables a designer to establish which aspect of the design to target The result of the eco audit forms the objective for the product design. This objective is dependent on both the dominant phase and the product application. Life Cycle Analysis: The Life cycle analysis of the product life cycle is split into three main sections in the eco audit tool: Material, manufacture, and end of life Transport Use 1. Material, manufacture, and end of life This the first section of the product definition which allows us to enter the Bill of Materials'(BOM) for the product, with each line representing an individual component. There is no limit on the number of components that can be added. Reading across the input dialog box, the entries are as follows Quantity This column tells us about the different number of individual components that are used in making of the product. This quantity column enables the specification of duplicate components in a hierarchal order. . The default value is one because there is no product with zero quantity. Component name It is the dialogue box for entering the name of each individual component of the product. Material The material drop-down menu displays the full Material Universe tree of the active database. Materials are selected by browsing the tree and clicking on the record for the material of our interest. Once we have done this, the eco audit tool extracts data from the material record to determine what options to display in the Primary process and End of life menus. Certain products include components that do not contribute to all life phases. For example, the water in a drinks bottle contributes to the transportation phase but not the material and manufacturing phases. This contribution is handled by creating a dummy component with no material, or process, assigned to it. Recycle content We have three recycle contents which can be specified as 0%, 100%, and typical %. As the names suggest, 0% represents the use of virgin material, where all the feedstock is produced from raw materials. 100% represents the other intense, where the material is manufactured entirely from feedstock reclaimed from end of life components. Typical %, lies between these two extremes and accounts for the level of recycled material incorporated back into the supply chain as standard practice. This applies to materials, such as metals and glasses, where end of life recycling has become integrated into the supply chain. This practice leads to standard grades containing significant levels of recycled material. For example, lead alloys generally contain 50-60% recycled material. Although many materials can be recycled, and have recycle fraction in current supply values quoted in the Material universe database, they are not routinely reintroduced into the standard supply. As a result, the typical recycle content option is only displayed for grades of metal and glass that are flagged as recyclable. Primary process The primary process dropdown menu displays the processes that are applicable to the material selected from the tree. This information, and associated data, is extracted from the materials datasheet. The available primary processes in the database are shown in the below table. Table: Available primary processes (Level 1 and 2 database) As electrical components are finished sub-assemblies, the material and process energies (and CO2) have been incorporated into one value [Embodied energy, primary production]. As a consequence, no processing options are available for these components. Mass (kg) Numeric field for specifying the mass of the component. This value is multiplied by the quantity (Qty) field value to determine the total mass for the component. End of Life This drop-down menu displays all possible ends of life options for the selected material. There are seven ends of life options and their applicable materials. Out of these seven, the first four are directly displayed on the datasheet depending on the type of material. The remaining life options are not specified and are added as other possible options for all materials. The end of life option generally defaults to Landfill. The main exception is for toxic materials, which default to the next viable option (usually in down cycle order). Table: describes the possible end life options and their Summaryrelated to the materials 2. Transport Transportation phase is the second part of the product definition. This phase relates to the transport of the finished product from the source of manufacture to the customer Each line in the table relates to one stage of the process journey. There is no limit on the number of stages that can be added. For each stage, three parameters are defined: stage name, transport efficiency (transport type), and distance. The transport efficiency is specified through the transport type dropdown menu, which lists the main methods for transporting goods. Table: transport options and associated environmental burden To determine the environmental impact of each stage the energy usage and the carbon foot print values are combined with the product mass and distance. i.e. Energy usage is given by Transport Energy =Transport energy per unit mass * distance * product mass. And carbon foot print by Transport co2=Transport energy per unit mass*Distance*product mass*carbon foot print. 3. Use The final stage of the product definition is the use phase. Product life Numeric field for specifying the product life, in years. The value for the year is considered to be default (1). Country electricity mix The Country electricity mix drop-down menu enables the particular mix of fossil and non-fossil fuel of the country of use to be specified. This is split into three main groups: global regions, individual countries, and fossil fuel percentage. The default option is World. Compared to the other sources, such as nuclear, hydroelectric and wind power, the environmental burden of electricity generated from fossil fuels is significantly higher. So this specification of country of use is very important phase of the eco audit tool. This is due to the relatively low efficiency in converting fossil fuels to electricity (1MJ of electricity requires about 3MJ of fossil fuel). The impact of a countrys energy mix on the energy equivalence and carbon footprint of its electricity supply is summarized in Figure. The final grouping in the country electricity mix menu specifies the electricity mix based on the proportion derived from fossil fuels (0% to 100% at 5% intervals). The environmental impact of these has been calculated using the following assumptions: The carbon footprint of electricity is dominated by the contribution from fossil fuels, with the proportion derived from other sources having no, or negligible, contribution. And the conversion process for generating electricity from fossil fuels is taken to be 33% efficient. In this use phase we have two modes namely static mode and mobile mode which describes the product energy usage. In static mode the available options are energy input and output which describes the conversion of one form of energy into another, power rating and usage. In the mobile mode, we have fuel and mobility type and its usage. Modes of use The use phase is divided into two modes of operation static mobile. Static relates to products that are (normally) stationary but require energy to function. For example: electrically powered products like electric kettles, refrig

“Grandfather” and Gandalf

The well-known adventure novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien and the historical fiction novel Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson both exemplify the use of the â€Å"wise old man† archetype through the characters Gandalf and â€Å"Grandfather. † Although the former is a powerful sorcerer and the latter is a vulnerable slave, both act as sagacious advisors for the stories’ main protagonists—Bilbo and Isabel. At one point in the Chains text, when Isabel (a slave girl) goes to the town’s pump to get her water, Grandfather says to Isabel, â€Å"A scar is a sign of strength†¦ Look hard for your river Jordan, my child. You’ll find it. † Grandfather shows his wisdom by encouraging Isabel to search for her own freedom beyond the River Jordan, which, in this case, symbolizes the final obstacle she must face before reaching liberty. In the first part of the quote, Grandfather implies that Isabel will encounter a huge obstacle that might hinder her way to freedom, but he says that she must use her perseverance in order to endure it. Similarly, in The Hobbit, Gandalf frequently gives advice to, and encourages, the easily depressed Bilbo in order to persist even though he (Bilbo) may run into dangers along the journey. While both Gandalf and Grandfather are wise, they differ in many ways, including the aspect that Gandalf possesses powerful abilities that make him as near as invincible. When Gandalf uses undefeatable powers to rescue Bilbo and the dwarves from a goblin stronghold, the narrator of the story describes, â€Å"Just at that moment all the lights in the cavern went out, and the great fire went off poof! nto a tower of blue glowing smoke, right up to the roof, that scattered piercing white sparks all among the goblins. † In fact, Gandalf proves to be so powerful that he even has the capacity to electrocute hundreds of goblins in a matter of seconds. On the other hand, Grandfather, a helpless slave, does not possess any of the apparent physical capabilities that Gandalf possesses; Grandfatherâ€⠄¢s only conspicuous characteristic seems to be his judiciousness, a quality formerly referenced as a similarity between Grandfather and Gandalf. Although the two characters, Gandalf and Grandfather, come from completely different backgrounds—one has a significant physical advantage over the other—both still share the same intellectual qualities as wise men who dedicate to the success of their fellow colleagues and eventually help them achieve their goals. To apply this comparison to a global truth, a person may be born with more abilities or a better status than another, but there is ultimately nothing that prevents the person from having as equally successful results as the other.

Recruitment Policy vs Recruitment Process

Find (Cntl-F) Best Paper Index Table of Contents RECRUITMENT POLICY VS. RECRUITMENT PROCESS: ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE ANNA M. STAFSUDD Department of Business Administration Lund University P. O. Box 7080 SE-220 07 Lund Sweden INTRODUCTION This paper argues that recruitment policy does not influence the recruitment process to a large extent, as it represents an espoused theory, which is used to explain and idealize behavior after it has occurred. Instead, it is argued that recruitment decision assumptions will guide the recruitment process, as they represent theories-in-use. These recruitment decisions, in the form of how internal employees’ firm-specific knowledge is valued, will affect whether managers are internally promoted or externally recruited. How an organization values such knowledge may be inferred from control systems, which is illustrated using the examples of socialization and bureaucratic control systems. These control systems have been chosen, as they represent opposite perspectives on the value of firm-specific knowledge and will, therefore, have opposite impacts on internal or external recruitment being more probable. ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE The framework of Argyris and Schon (1974) presents how espoused theory and theory-inaction relate to each other, as well as to other variables. As can be seen in figure 1, espoused theory and theory-in-use can be positioned against each other, resulting in either congruence or incongruence. Furthermore, the figure depicts the assumption that espoused theory is separated from action and only serves to explain and idealize it afterwards. Instead, it is theory-in-use, which influences action, as people act according to the requirements of the governing variables of their theories-in-use. Theories-in-use will also tend to influence how a person will perceive the surroundings, i. e. the behavioral world. This is a world created by human convention and continued by human choice, rather than being an inherent nature of reality. Concluding a feedback circle, the behavioral worlds will be used as validation for those same theories-in-use, by which the behavioral worlds have been created and tend, therefore, to further reinforce them. This framework thus, depicts one problem with having theories-in-use, in that they tend to be self-sealing. Theories-in-use shaping action and behavioral world, while still using action and behavioral world as reasons and validation tends to enforce a circular logic, where a feed-back loop is dependent on the prior assumptions. One example of such a problem is presented by Argyris and Schon (1974), where a teacher experiences a self-sealing problem of assuming that his students are stupid. In assuming that the students are stupid, the teacher acts as though they are in fact stupid. By clearly letting the students know that he thinks they are stupid, the teacher will ask such questions as elicit stupid answers from them, thus, enforcing stupid behavior on the part of the students. The teacher will then test his theories and as he himself enforces stupid behavior in the students, his theories will be reinforced. The longer the teacher and the students interact, the more firmly will the teacher become in his theory-in-use of them being stupid. Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G1 ———————-Figure 1 about here ———————–Apart from the earlier discussed variables there are five more, with which espoused theory, theory-in-use, action and behavioral world can be analyzed and which represent possible dilemmas in or between the other variables. Internal consistency may be analyzed for each of the two variables of espoused theory and theory-in-use, as a description of how internally consistent the theories and the assumptions of the theories are. Congruence, on the other hand, represents a means for analyzing fit or consistency between espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused theory and theory-in-use are related in the way that espoused theory represents what one says one is doing, whereas theory-in-use represents what one actually does do. Thus, theory-in-use influences action and behavioral world. Effectiveness is a variable, with which one can analyze how well actions enforce the behavioral world that a theory-in-use would lead to without the mediating variable of action. Effectiveness is, therefore, not used when analyzing espoused theory, as it will not influence action. The model also depicts a feedback loop, as theory-in-use influences action, which in turn leads to a behavioral world, which is then used to validate and reinforce theories-in-use. How well the behavioral world can be used to reinforce or gainsay theory-in-use in turn depends on how well the theory-in-use can be tested, i. e. the testability of the theory in a specific situation. Apart from these analytical variables, there is one more variable, which represents a normative dimension of the framework. This variable is represented by the values of the behavioral world. After having analyzed the other variables, a person would finally also ponder whether the behavioral world, created by the process involved in the framework, would be considered a positive or negative one. Depending on the answer, the person would perceive a propensity for stability or change. RECRUITMENT POLICY AND RECRUITMENT DECISION ASSUMPTIONS The espoused theory in the case of an organization’s recruitment activities is represented by the recruitment policy, as stated by the organization, whereas theory-in-use is represented by the assumptions on which the recruitment is actually based. An internal recruitment policy may in general be assumed, due to it being so common as it represents marketing towards the employees (Coff, 1997; Chan, 1996; Browner and Kubarski, 1991; Tanushaj, Randall and McCullough, 1988). In contrast to espoused theories, theories-in-use cannot be easily observed (Argyris and Schon, 1974). It can be argued that recruitment decision assumptions may be observed indirectly through what candidates are in fact recruited, but in such cases we would resort to tautology in assuming that persons are selected based on the fact that they are selected. However, patterns may of course be observed and analyzed. As for recruitment decision assumptions, it seems safe to argue that the primary governing variable in a recruitment process is recruiting the best candidate available for the position. The ability of a candidate is, however, difficult to evaluate and recruiters will, therefore, use different proxies in order to evaluate ability and reduce information uncertainty. Focusing on the recruitment process in terms of choice between internal promotion and external recruitment, it would seem more probable for an organization to recruit internally, as this reduces information uncertainty in that candidates may be directly observed. Furthermore, Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G2 internal recruitment may be preferred due to employees’ firm-specific knowledge (Chan, 1996). The higher the value placed on firm-specific knowledge, the likelier will internal recruitment be. Recruitment decision assumptions in the case of what value is placed on firm-specific knowledge may be observed through what control systems are used. This argument is based on the assumption that control systems not only represent measurement systems in evaluating a manager’s behavior, but that they also signal what behavior is considered appropriate and, therefore, will be learned by managers. This reasoning is based on expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), stating that motivation for a certain behavior depends on a person’s beliefs of what outcomes will tend to result from a specific behavior and the attractiveness a person attaches to those outcomes in terms of their ability to satisfy a person’s needs. Thus, persons will be shaped by what is expected from them by others. Consequently, as behavior and values are affected, control systems will have an impact on whether certain skills can be found in the organization or not. Here, the impact of the two control systems of socialization and bureaucratic control systems will be presented, as they relate to whether learning of corporate-approved behavior is valued or not. Thus, the difference lies in whether appropriate behavior needs to be learned over time or if it has been formalized by the organization in terms of for example rules and regulations. Socialization is a form of premise control, i. e. ontrol is exerted prior to the action (Cyert and March, 1988), which means that appropriate behavior is internalized by the employees. Not only actions, but also thinking, are thereby influenced to include appropriate assumptions and values. This is related to how institutionalization will tend to become self-reinforcing, after a while needing no rewards or other intervening procedures, as once institutionaliz ed social knowledge will tend to become a part of organizational daily life (Zucker, 1977). Lack of displaying the appropriate behavior will result in personal consequences. Reinforcements of proper behavior and thinking are in this context made in terms of peer approval, membership and leadership. In contrast, not displaying appropriate behavior will result in the person’s actions being perceived as deviating, which is punished by belittlement, hostility and ostracism (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). A high degree of socialization will affect the recruitment process in numerous ways. First, managers who do not embrace the appropriate values and display the appropriate behavior will have a lesser chance of being promoted. Second, the internal managers will have an advantage, compared to the external ones, in the recruitment process. Third, a recruiter would tend to feel less uncertainty in recruiting a person from within the organization, knowing that the person has had opportunity to learn appropriate behavior and not having to resort to indirect signaling of such behavior in other candidates. Bureaucratic control systems do not provide the difficulty of observation that socialization does, in that this form may be termed the most visible of controls, where appropriate behavior is signaled by such mechanisms as budgets, reports and other documents. This form of control may be termed action control (Cyert and March, 1988), i. e. control is exerted during the action, which means that appropriate behavior is not internalized. Instead, tasks are simply performed in accordance with for example manuals, without having to reflect on what the appropriate action is. Thus, this form of control concerns mainly behavior and not an internalization of appropriate thinking. However, I stress my use of the word mainly, as repeated actions may in time be internalized and transferred into control of thinking and especially so if the bureaucratic control mechanisms in question are stable over time. Here, reinforcements of appropriate behavior consist of management commendation, monetary incentives and promotions, whereas Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G3 punishment for the wrong behavior will tend to consist of demanding the person accountable to explain the behavior in question (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). Reinforcements and punishments can in the case of bureaucratic control systems be considered to consist of more normative than affective mechanisms, as compared to possible ostracizing in organizations with a high degree of socialization. In the case of bureaucratic control systems, internal candidates will not tend to have the advantage of inherent knowledge of corporate values, to which external candidates do not have access. Therefore, as no internalization of appropriate values is present, external candidates will have a greater possibility of attaining a position, as compared to when organizations use socialization as control mechanism. The competitive situation will be more equal and the possibility and probability of external recruitment is, therefore, increased. However, there may still be higher costs incurred and a higher information uncertainty with external recruitment, as internal candidates may be observed directly. The above arguments do not include a certain prediction that a high degree of socialization will invariably lead to internal recruitment and bureaucratic control systems to an external one. They propose that external recruitment is made possible and, therefore, more likely by the absence of internalized knowledge of appropriate behavior and thinking, as such is instead formalized into rules and regulations. Indeed, this proposition may also include the opposite relationship, where a high degree of socialization may in fact incapacitate employees in terms of new thinking and dealing with new situations (Alvesson, 1993). For example, Wiersema and Bantel (1992) found that organizational tenure in CEOs was negatively correlated with strategic change. This implies that the longer persons stay in an organization, the more will they strive to preserve the organizational status quo and especially so in the case of a high degree of socialization. Thus, if new thinking is required in an organization with a high degree of socialization, due to for example a changing external context, external recruitment may be needed in order for the organization to cope with it. Degree of resistance to attempts of change tends to be related to the degree of institutionalization (Zucker, 1977). Still, the proposed relationship of recruitment being influenced by what value an organization places on firm-specific knowledge holds true, as the inherent knowledge of the internal employees has been transformed from a competitive advantage into a competitive disadvantage. A DILEMMA OF TWO EVILS When deciding on form of control system, the organization will not only communicate and influence its recruitment decision assumptions in terms of internal and external recruitment, it will also influence what conflict it will be affected by when trying to achieve its goals. Inconsistency in one’s theories-in-use leading to no attaining one’s goals or incongruence in what one is doing and what one is saying one is doing, leading to not keeping one’s worldpicture constant. With a high degree of socialization, an organization will tend to have congruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, promoting a positive self-image. The organization will, however, tend to suffer from the conflict of an internally inconsistent theoryin-use in the form of recruitment decision assumptions, as internal candidates will not be the best ones in all situations, although having the advantage of internalized knowledge of corporate values. This conflict may be lessened by prioritizing internal recruitment, which would also Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G4 avoid incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions. Just such a case has indeed been promoted by previous research (Chan, 1996), in claiming that external candidates will be recruited only when they are very superior to internal ones, in that employee well-being needs to be promoted for the organization to be able to continue its existence. If instead recruiting the best candidate is prioritized, the organization will instead suffer from the same conflict as organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems. In promoting the best candidate, external recruitment will be more possible as well as probable and the existing employees’ may perceive the incongruence of an internal recruitment policy and external recruitment. As for an organization with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the recruitment decision assumptions are internally consistent. However, it will face a conflict of incongruent recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, as the recruitment decision assumptions promotes the recruitment of the best candidate, regardless of organization membership. Although those responsible may not believe in the espoused theory, the incongruence may nevertheless be noticed by employees, who may feel deceived and mistreated in receiving less promotion opportunities. This may lead to consequences such as a lack of motivation for staying with the organization and, in time, a high employee turnover. Furthermore, this conflict would probably not be resolved by the organization boldly admitting to not recognizing organization membership as a variable in recruitment decisions, as this would hardly result in persons wanting to enter into the organization in the first place. In such cases when corporations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems recruit internally, no incongruence will arise. However, it is unlikely that internal candidates will always be the best ones and, therefore, one of the wo conflicts will tend to arise. The conflicts of inconsistency in recruitment decision assumptions and incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions may be perceived as the organization breaching the implicit contract of them providing employees with future economic safety, while the employees have fulfilled their part of it by providing the organization with ability (Morrison and Robinson, 1997; Cassell, Juris and Roomkin, 1985). As organizations commonly only succeed in inspiring conditional trust in their employees, any discrepancy in behavior may lead to a distrustful environment (Jones and George, 1998), which is hardly conducive for employee well-being, nor for productivity. Although such mistrust is bad in itself, the situation may worsen if perception of breach of contract evolves into a perception of violation of contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997), as breach of contract focuses on the cognitive aspect, whereas violation affects the employee emotionally. Whether a breach of contract will evolve into a violation in the perceptions of the employees depends on the perceived magnitude of the discrepancy, how it affects the employee, whether the discrepancy is perceived as purposeful or not, if the procedure leading to the discrepancy is perceived to have been fair and the employee’s overall social relationship with the organization. Thus, in the case of discrepancies caused by the recruitment process, the evaluation will, first, be worsened by employees having a relational contract, i. . it is broad, open-ended and long-term, based not only on monetary elements but also socio-emotional ones such as loyalty and support (Rousseau and McLean Parks, 1993). Second, individual situations will determine perceptions of magnitude and fairness, but perceptions of discrepancies will generally worsen, due to the purposeful breach in deciding on recruiting an external candidate. Counterintuitively, employees will tend to experience less violation if discrepancies in contract are more common than not, which is, however, consistent with unexpected negative events leading to more intense emotional responses than expected ones (Ortony, Clore and Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G5 Collins, 1988). Therefore, we would expect external recruitment to elicit more severe conflict in organizations with a high degree of socialization than in the case of bureaucratic control systems. As this breach will occur in relation to recruitment decision assumptions and organizational norms, this will probably also increase perceptions of breach of contract. However, as such recruitment will tend not to occur on an extensive basis, the impact on present managers will not be great, unless in the case of filling top management positions with external candidates, thus, extensively lessening internal managers’ possibility of advancement. In the case of organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the discrepancies will be more common and relate to not following the recruitment policy, which will probably lessen the impact of such breaches. Nevertheless, such extensive external recruitment will reduce internal managers’ possibilities of advancement. Although this may not lead to recurring perceptions of violation of contract, it may instead infer a state of organizational cynicism (Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar, 1998) among employees. Such cynicism would then infer a belief that the organization lacks integrity, a negative affect towards the organization and tendencies to disparaging and critical behavior towards it. Such perceptions seem unlikely to improve individuals wanting to join the organization, nor will they tend to improve motivation. Ultimately, evaluation of organization behavior will depend on employees’ beliefs about whether they have been treated honestly and respectfully as well as having received adequate justification for the contract breach (Bies and Shapiro, 1987). Perhaps this is the cause of organizations sometimes specifying their policies by saying that although they are, of course, intended to bring about internal promotion, this has to be re-evaluted in specific cases, such as when recruiting experts or managers. Figure 1 Argyris and Schon’s framework contrasting espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused Theory Internal Consistency Congruence Effectiveness Values Internal Consistency Theory-in-use Action Behavioural World Testability REFERENCES AVAILABLE FROM AUTHOR Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G6

Beneficios migratorios de matrimonio con puertorriqueño

Beneficios migratorios de matrimonio con puertorriqueà ±o Cuando una persona extranjera se casa con un puertorriqueà ±o, en la Isla o en uno de los 50 estados de la Unià ³n Americana, produce los mismos efectos migratorios que casarse con un nativo de Iowa o Texas o con un ciudadano que adquirià ³ la nacionalidad por naturalizacià ³n. Desde el punto de vista legal en todos los casos dichos se trata de lo mismo: matrimonio con un ciudadano americano. Aunque Puerto Rico tiene estatus de Territorio o Commonwealth, su gente es ciudadana americana desde el momento de su nacimiento.   Resaltar, adems, que  la ley de inmigracià ³n que aplica en Puerto Rico es la de Estados Unidos. Efectos migratorios de matrimonio con un puertorriqueà ±o Los puertorriqueà ±os que se casan con una persona extranjera pueden solicitar para sus cà ³nyuges la green card o tarjeta de residencia permanente por matrimonio. Esto aplica tanto a matrimonios entre un varà ³n y una mujer como al conformado por dos personas del mismo sexo.   El matrimonio puede haberse celebrado en Puerto Rico, Estados Unidos o en cualquier otro paà ­s, siempre y cuando sea vlido. Tener en cuenta que si un ciudadano inicia la  tramitacià ³n para pedir a su cà ³nyuge, puede cancelar la solicitud  en cualquier momento del proceso, si cree que realmente  no est tan enamorado  como creà ­a o que la otra persona quiere ms a los papeles que al novio/a. La peticià ³n de la green card para un cà ³nyuge siempre se inicia con el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Naturalizacià ³n (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Dependiendo del lugar en el que se encuentre el cà ³nyuge para el que se piden los papeles, se puede seguir uno de los 2 trmites siguientes: ajuste de estatus si ya est en Estados Unidos y sus territorios y puede ajustar su estatus. En este caso se puede presentar conjuntamente la peticià ³n de cà ³nyuge y el ajuste de estatus.procedimiento consular, para cuando el cà ³nyuge pedido est fuera de Estados Unidos y sus territorios o cuando sà ­ est presente en EE.UU. pero no puede ajustar su estatus. Por ejemplo, si est como indocumentado e ingresà ³ al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera. Si el cà ³nyuge extranjero tiene hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os, el puertorriqueà ±o puede pedir una green card para estos  hijastros, presentando una solicitud diferente para cada menor que se desea pedir. Adems, si la green card se obtiene antes de cumplir los 2 aà ±os de casado, el cà ³nyuge pedido recibir una tarjeta de residencia no permanente y est obligado a levantar la condicionalidad al cumplirse dos aà ±os desde que recibià ³ la tarjeta verde. Finalmente, despuà ©s de tres aà ±os casado, el extranjero puede solicitar adquirir la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. Problemas que pueden surgir en la tramitacià ³n de la green card por matrimonio En una peticià ³n de esposos bsicamente pueden aparecer 4 problemas: Que el solicitante no pueda hacerlo porque cometià ³ en el pasado ciertos delitos que lo incapacitan para pedir a un familiar. Son los llamados Adam Walsh.Que el solicitante no tenga  recursos econà ³micos suficientes para patrocinar  y no encuentra copatrocinador.Que el USCIS no se cree que el matrimonio es de verdad.  Estas son preguntas tà ­picas  que sirven a los oficiales de inmigracià ³n para determinar si el casamiento es de verdad o se trata de uno fraudulento para obtener los papeles.Que la persona extranjera para la que se piden los papeles tiene en sus circunstancia al menos una que  va a hacer que la peticià ³n se deniegue  por considerar que es inadmisible para los Estados Unidos. En este à ºltimo caso caben varias posibilidades, pero es muy importante entender que estar casado con un ciudadano, en este caso un puertorriqueà ±o, no da derecho a arreglar los papeles si no se cumplen todos los requisitos legales. Por ejemplo, un indocumentado que ingresà ³ a Estados Unidos cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no puede ajustar el estatus en el paà ­s. Y, si inicia los trmites, tendr que salir a una entrevista a un consulado estadounidense y en el momento en el que sale aplica el castigo o penalidad de los 3 o de los 10 aà ±os  por presencia ilegal.  Y a partir de ahà ­, todo son problemas. Por eso es fundamental antes de iniciar los trmites asesorarse adecuadamente para saber si se puede arreglar los papeles o si van a surgir problemas graves. Adems, saber cundo es posible solicitar un waiver, tambià ©n conocido como perdà ³n, para arreglar el problema y cundo ni siquiera la ley permite hacerlo. Opciones para novios Cualquier ciudadano americano que està © pensando en casarse en Estados Unidos  con su novio/a extranjero que reside en otro paà ­s puede considerar la opcià ³n de una peticià ³n de visa K-1 para prometidos (fiancà ©). En este caso la boda tendrà ­a que producirse dentro de los 90 dà ­as siguientes al ingreso del novio extranjero a Estados Unidos o Puerto Rico. La posibilidad de pedir una visa K-1 sà ³lo beneficia a ciudadanos americanos, no pueden solicitarla los residentes permanentes legales. Estos sà ­ pueden pedir a sus cà ³nyuges, pero ya deben haber contraà ­do matrimonio. Por el contrario, si un novio extranjero sà ³lo desea visitar a su enamorado boricua, entonces la visa a pedir es la de turista, a menos que se pertenezca a un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados y la duracià ³n de la estancia sea inferior a 90 dà ­as. Viajar a Puerto Rico Documentacià ³n que se necesita para visitar Puerto Rico, desde otro paà ­s o desde uno de los estados de Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Race Discrimination in the USA

Race Discrimination in the USA Introduction Racism is the belief that a certain group is superior to another on the basis of their genetic makeup. Racial discrimination, which is a manifestation of racism, is still rife in modern America. It was blatant and open in the past, and was manifested as mistreatment between two individuals.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, racial discrimination has now become less obvious; the phenomenon is now an institutional ideology that the government, the judiciary, and resource owners perpetuate. Patterns of racisms in the past and present Racial discrimination started as early as the 1500s when American settlers massacred, forcefully displaced and mistreated Native Americans. Throughout this century and the next one, racism was an unconcealed phenomenon. The institution of slavery was born in the 16th Century, and it was one of the most disconcerting manifestations of the practice. Instigators of racial violence regarded their victims as savages. Economic needs (cheap labor) and superiority complexes led to a thriving slave industry. One only has to read parts of the constitution during the 18th century to prove that these sentiments were almost unanimous. States created a three-fifth clause in which slaves would be counted as three-fifth of a person. Discrimination, at the time, was manifested in the form of abuse of basic human rights. People were treated at properties with no political, economic and social liberties. However, this changed in the 1860s when President Lincoln abolished slavery. In the Fourteenth amendment of the 1868 constitution, African Americans gained full American citizenship.1 Regardless of legislative changes on slavery, the late nineteenth century and early 20th century were still characterized by open cases of discrimination. Although there was no state-sponsored institution (slavery) to support open mistreatment of minorities, race relations were far from cordial. Colored persons could not access several social amenities, such as, local stores, restaurants, or motels. Furthermore, there were separate school systems and public transportation systems for blacks. During the first half of the twentieth century, racial discrimination took the form of segregation. This originated for a ‘separate-but-equal’ law that was passed in an 1892 civil rights case known as Plessy V Ferguson. Plessy sat on a white-only section of a rail car thus causing the state to arrest him.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Supreme Court decided that public institutions could separate the people of different races so long as they provided services of equal quality. Blacks could not vote and engage meaningfully in economic activities during the first part of the 20th Century. The law allowed them to do so, but many of them were intimidated by radical racist groups. Additionally, some southern states required voters to pass literacy test or pay poll taxes before voting. While the slavery era was a more violent manifestation of racism, the early 1900s were characterized by state-supported acts of discrimination. The latter phenomenon stemmed from the separation of blacks and white in the 20th century; conversely, discrimination occurred in the slavery era by the complete elimination of human rights among African Americans.2 Patterns of racial discrimination were manifested in yet another form in the middle of the twentieth century. This was a time when racial consciousness took on a national dimension. The Civil rights movement was born in the 1950s and 1960s with the aid of prominent African American leaders, such as, Martin Luther King. Protests against racism led to strong reactions from upholders of the status quo. Some of them lynched b lacked or attacked them during anti-racism campaigns. Furthermore, groups that perpetuated the notion of white supremacy flourished at the time. In sit-ins organized by black, non-violent protestors, racists would burn them with cigarettes and carry out other distasteful acts. This was a dark period in the history of anti-discrimination because extremists unleashed their true colors. Nonetheless, it was these open confrontations that brought the issue of racism to a national audience.3 The phenomenon was no longer seen as a southern problem. Sentiments against open discrimination of blacks rose to enormous proportions. Schools became desegregated, starting from 1954, and President Kennedy oversaw enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. At this time, the separate-but-equal Jim Crow laws were no longer lawful. Housing, education, or employment representatives could no longer deny black people opportunities solely because of their race.Advertising We will write a custom term pa per sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These accomplishments were enormous and crucial to the reduction of unconcealed racial discrimination in the country. However, poverty, educational inequalities, and unemployment were still widespread in the African American community. It is during this era that institutional racial discrimination arose and persisted to date. American citizens have made significant strides in minimizing racial discrimination. This is evident in equal employment opportunities in various workplaces or social institutions. Furthermore, many African Americans now hold influential positions in society, including the presidency. The media now represents and incorporates many colored persons in their programs. These attempts at racial political correctness are quite laudable, but they do not change the invisible barriers that keep racial minorities disadvantaged. A new form of racial disc rimination, which has dire consequences on the progress of racial minorities in the US, exists now. The criminal justice system is one of the principal manifestations of institutional racial discrimination as blacks are overly represented in prisons. Some skeptics claim that blacks commit more crimes so they deserve to go to jail. However, when one analyses the number of convicts who are penalized for drug-related charges, one realizes that African Americans are the majority. Statistics indicate that drug use levels are almost equal across all races. Consequently, the nature of incarcerations should reflect this diversity in use. Certain criminal justice policies have discriminatory outcomes because they lead to higher convictions among blacks. For instance, crack, which is a common drug in the African American community, leads to higher sentence lengths than pure cocaine, which is predominantly used by white communities. Such laws make it difficult for blacks to find work as they h ave a higher representation of ex-convicts than their white counterparts4. Problems of racial profiling represent another area of discrimination against African American citizens. Studies indicate that, African Americans are five times more likely than whites to be stopped by law enforcers during a traffic search.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, several African Americans have been arrested or fallen victim to extrajudicial killings merely because of the color of their skin. A recent case was that of Travoyn Martin, who was shot by a white, community-policing citizen because he looked suspicious. When the assailant was asked why he thought Travoyn looked suspicious, he had no tangible proof to support his claim. The only issue that made the shooter take notice was Martin’s race. Unemployment is a big problem in the African American community, and this arguably stems from racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act prohibited many individuals from mistreating blacks, but it did not address the root cause of African American disenfranchisement. 5Systematic lack of the skills and opportunities to participate in employment has caused many blacks to become economically disempowered. Additionally, hidden forms of segregation exist at workplaces since equally-qualified blacks find it more difficult than whites to find jobs. Other areas such as housing still testify to this problem today. Property owners in certain up market neighborhoods may turn down potential tenants if they are colored. Negative portrayals of ethnic minorities in the media continue to perpetuate unconstructive stereotypes about the community. This explains why most of them receive harsher sentences than members of the dominant race. News reporters prefer to show restrained suspects when the offenders are black. Further, many Hollywood movies tend to give black characters criminal roles. These images create a negative perception of the group and thus predispose them to longer sentences in court. Conclusion Racial discrimination started as soon as white settlers entered the Americas, but became rampant when slavery began. In the nineteenth century, discrimination was open, brutal and permitted by law. This changed in the twentieth century after the abolition of slavery. At the time, segregation was the new form of discri mination. It was supported by the law and disempowered racial minorities. After the Civil Rights Act, blacks were granted equal rights by law. However, covert discrimination continued to take place through institutional racism. Racial minorities still experience racism today, albeit in a less-individualized manner. In modern times, racial profiling, negative depictions in the media, discriminatory sentencing and economic disenfranchisement are still harsh realities for racial minorities. Reference List Abdollah, T, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3 Bacon, N, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. Henry, P D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. Sethi, R R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 Takaki, R, A different mirror: A history of multicult ural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. Footnotes 1 N Bacon, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. 2 R Takaki, A different mirror: A history of multicultural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. 3 R Sethi R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 4 P Henry D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. 5 T Abdollah, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3

Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalisation on today's Essay - 1

Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalisation on today's world. Use evidence to back up your arguments m offer solutions and evaluate them - Essay Example Robinson (2008, p.49) asserts, â€Å"Globalization is characterized by related, contingent, and unequal transformations†. Corporations and multinational organizations play a crucial role in shaping the economy of the world. Mittelman (2000, p.4) states, â€Å"Globalization is not a single, unified phenomenon, but a syndrome of processes and activities†. In today’s world, companies not only carry out their operations in their home countries, but also they have their branches in other countries of the world. It has resulted in sapping the foundations of national economies and also it has successfully unleashed the sub-politics on a quite navel scale. Beck (2000, p.2) asserts, â€Å"Globalization makes possible things which, though perhaps always there, remained hidden during the stage of the welfare-democratic taming of capitalism†. Some of the main advantages of globalization include reduction of poverty, awareness of latest technological advancements, stability in the world’s peace, and rise in living standards of people of poor countries. Whereas some points that go against globalization include doubts about effects of outsourcing, increased number of loafer, mixing up of cultures, and difficulty in industrial competition. Living standards of people has increased over the last 20 to 30 years. Technology has gain lot of advancements due to which people have brought in significant changes to their lives in order to make their lives easier. Without globalization it would have been impossible for a country to introduce technological advancements to other countries. If we take example of third-world countries, it is evident from the fact that 20 to 30 years ago, the living standard of people belonging to third-world countries was pretty ordinary and the number of jobs available for the people was very less. But when the multinational companies belonging to Europe and America started to operate in those countries, jobs were created that decreased the level